Clever Hans appeared to solve arithmetic and intellectual tasks, but Oskar Pfungst showed in 1907 that the horse was reading involuntary human cues, shaping research methodology.
Germany
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Clever Hans appeared to perform arithmetic, but Pfungst showed the horse was responding to unconscious human cues.
The case became a foundation for better experimental controls and the concept known as the Clever Hans effect.
Clever Hans is archived because the story changed how humans study animals and interpret animal intelligence.
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